There is significant potential to recover metals from e-waste, especially from consumer electronics such as mobile phones. These products often contain a raft of precious (Au, Ag, Pd), base (Cu, Zn) and critical (In, REE, Li, Co) metals. Figure 1 shows the average content of Co, Cu, Pd, Ag and Au in the global mobile phone stock in 2020 (c. 5.2 billion units) compared to mine production, with some of the metal volumes not being insignificant e.g. contained Pd is about 200 tonnes, or almost one quater (24%) of global mine production.

Although the potential to recover valuable metals from e-waste is significant there are challenges that must be overcome related to effective collection, separation and processing. The collection of e-waste is a signifcant barrier to recycling that will require government policy intervention and public education to fix (Tesfaye et al., 2017). There are technical challenges related to processing, as e-waste constitutes an increadibly diverse feedstock with varying product designs that have variable metal contents. This can make processing difficult. One possible route for processing is pyrometallurgy, this high-temperature process copes well with varied feedstocks; however, volatile metals such as In, Ga and Li are likely to be lost to the waste stream (i.e. slags). Hydrometallurgy is another option for processing e-waste, it is more selective and can be engineered to capture most metals; however, it can be expensive and time consuming to install compared to pyrometallurgical methods. Irrespective of the route chosen, both require careful environmental management.